Verified Throughput: Why Production Reality Matters More Than Theoretical Maxima

Hedera explains Verified Throughput, distinguishing real-world performance from theoretical TPS. The article notes Hedera’s practical 10,000 TPS crypto throttle with bursts to 16,000 in production, driven by a billion+ entities and ongoing state optimization. It distinguishes consensus vs. execution bottlenecks, highlighting disk I/O as the main constraint and detailing vertical optimization to exceed 100,000+ TPS in a single shard and horizontal scaling via sharding. Practical guidance for developers emphasizes throughput depends on transaction type and state access, not just raw TPS.